This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, 2011b). Yet agriculture is the countrys most promising resource. Table 10. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). More than 85% of the Ethiopian land is degraded to various degrees (Gebreselassie et al., 2016). Therefore, raising production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security in . Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) The already small size farmland of a family is further fragmented into very small pieces of land when the children inherited since it divided among themselves. Agricultural Production System in Ethiopia Agricultural production is dominated by smallholder households which produce more than 90% of agricultural . Such degradations are done mainly for fuelwood and agricultural expansion (Birhanu 2014; Kassa et al. This is because the land rent becomes unavailable and the government police are also inefficient on this side. Why poverty? Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. (, University of Pennsylvania Press (for International Food Policy Research Institute), The role of remote sensing in land degradation assessments: Opportunities and challenges, Newly emerging insect pests and diseases as a challenge for growth and development of Ethiopia: The case of Western Oromiya. Many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (Diriba, 2020). This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), 2018). Intensive Subsistence Farming (with or without Rice as a dominant crop): , Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports), Animal/vegetable fats, oils, waxes: $1.4 billion (9.1%), Mineral fuels including oil: $1.1 billion (7.1%), Electrical machinery, equipment: $1 billion (6.6%). Ethiopias agriculture heavily relies on oxen plow and rain-fed that by neglecting other alternative technologies since the time of the Neolithic era (Diriba, 2020). and favorable weather condition for rusts in the highlands of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia. Expert Solution. Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Ethiopia is relatively close to major export markets such as the Middle East and Europe, Djibouti and Somalia, and can benefit a lot from banana exports. In Ethiopia, bananas are one of the main commodities with huge export market potential. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The rate of deforestation has been increasing year after year with an . Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. The countries of the world are interconnected and a problem of a country obviously becomes a problem of the others in the interconnected world at present than ever. Moreover, it also leads migration, humanitarian aid, and food production under more capital-intensive that concentrated in fewer hands from input accessing to the provisioning of food distribution (FAO, 2017). Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. Because many family members will be becoming jobless since the land is not enough to engage them as full-time farmers. The most frequent causes include a lack of more recently developed improved seeds, initial investment funds, cropland loss, labor, pesticides, invasive alien species, farm storage techniques, small-scale irrigation techniques, and obstacles based on religion and culture. IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development), Land tenure in Ethiopia - Continuity and change, shifting rulers, and the quest for state control, CAPRi and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Time series data on area, production and yield of major crops 1995/96-1997/98, Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: An institutional perspective, Agricultural and rural transformation in Ethiopia: Obstacles, triggers and reform considerations policy working paper, DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). (2010). avoids the problem of heteroskedasticity and endogeneity, reduces the problem of multi . Ethiopian Economic Association / Ethiopian . Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. This is why they are unable to sustain the demand of rising rural population density as the farm sizes declined (Josephson et al., 2014). The sector accounts for about 10% of Ethiopias export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. Of Ethiopias total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. While agriculture currently accounts for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers opportunities to both fight climate change and feed more people as the world's population grows to 10 billion people by 2050. Agricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. This report also indicated that much of the temperature increment happened in the dry and hotspots of the country. Agriculture and Food Security. ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, 2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. Arthropod pests such as locust (Schistocerca gregaria), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), stalk borer (Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus and Sesamia calamistis), cutworm, fruit flies (Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris, C. rosa, C. anonae, and C. capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. invadens), termites (Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Microtermites, etc), weevils [(Sitophilus spp. Lack of sustained and intergenerational commitments to transform the legal or constitutional system for millennia made the country liable. Generally the adverse consequences of global changes have the most significant effects on the poorest and most vulnerable, who historically have had limited entitlements and opportunities for growth. improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . The future of Ethiopian agriculture is bright because of the fact that the country is gifted with a variable climate ranging from tropics (growing tropical crops like citrus fruits) to subtropics (growing crops like apples). Expansion of large-scale agricultural investments (land grabbing) in these areas is the current government's focus and resulting in the loss and unsustainable utilization of natural resources. Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. It also affects the natural ecosystem, soil organic carbon, and soil health which is estimated to reach 212 Gt by 2050 (UNCCD, 2019). It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. Ethiopia encompasses a wide variety of agroecologies and peoples. What ways affect agricultural development in Ethiopia? Your email address will not be published. The Labor Sorrow It was all started about the tax that laborers are shouldering. Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, 2015) (Figures 2 and 3). 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