[332], Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine, northern Caucasus, southern Russia, and central Asia, reaching their apex in March 1930; these were suppressed by the Red Army. During these years, the country experienced another major famine and an antisemitic campaign that culminated in the doctors' plot. [576] He grew increasingly concerned that senior political and military figures might try to oust him; he prevented any of them from becoming powerful enough to rival him and had their apartments bugged with listening devices. [685] Stalin referred to himself as a praktik, meaning that he was more of a practical revolutionary than a theoretician. The first step in Stalin's rise to power was to eliminate his opponent. [664] That month featured a surge in arrests for "anti-Soviet agitation," as those celebrating Stalin's death came to police attention. [189] He strongly supported Lenin's formation of the Cheka security service and the subsequent Red Terror that it initiated; noting that state violence had proved an effective tool for capitalist powers, he believed that it would prove the same for the Soviet government. [410] With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a non-aggression pact the following August. [563], Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. [110] In June, he escaped the village and made it to Kotlas disguised as a woman and from there to Saint Petersburg. [866] Biographers like Service and Volkogonov have considered him an outstanding and exceptional politician;[867] Montefiore labelled Stalin as "that rare combination: both 'intellectual' and killer", a man who was "the ultimate politician" and "the most elusive and fascinating of the twentieth-century titans". [235] Trotsky claimed that Stalin sabotaged the campaign by disobeying troop transfer orders. [874] Although millions of Soviet citizens despised him, support for Stalin was nevertheless widespread throughout Soviet society. Despite initial catastrophes, the Soviet Red Army repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in 1945, ending World War II in Europe. [401] Stalin initiated confidential communications with Hitler in October 1933, shortly after the latter came to power in Germany. [454], As Britain and France seemed unwilling to commit to an alliance with the Soviet Union, Stalin saw a better deal with the Germans. [667], Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place. [719], Ethnically Georgian,[720] Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language,[721] and did not begin learning Russian until the age of eight or nine. Died: 5 March 1953 Kuntsevo Dacha near Moscow, Russia. [528] Roosevelt and Churchill also agreed to Stalin's demand that the German city of Knigsberg be declared Soviet territory. [317] Stalin announced that both kulaks and the "middle peasants" must be coerced into releasing their harvest. Stalin's editorial in Pravda, October 1917[165], Stalin helped organise the July Days uprising, an armed display of strength by Bolshevik supporters. [246] On this trip, Stalin met with his son Yakov, and brought him back to Moscow;[247] Nadezhda had given birth to another of Stalin's sons, Vasily, in March 1921. [692] Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. Born: December 8, 1878 in Gori, Georgia. [402] Stalin admired Hitler, particularly his manoeuvres to remove rivals within the Nazi Party in the Night of the Long Knives. [255] Residing at his Gorki dacha, Lenin's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who was a regular visitor. [170] Lenin returned to Petrograd and secured a majority in favour of a coup at a meeting of the Central Committee on 10 October. At that point, the country was only about a decade old and was. [689] He also believed that this proletarian state would need to introduce repressive measures against foreign and domestic "enemies" to ensure the full crushing of the propertied classes,[690] and thus the class war would intensify with the advance of socialism. In April 1932, Nikolai Shvernik, the head of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, informed Stalin and Lazar Kaganovich that Soviet workers were rebelling against "starvation" rations implemented on the first of the month. [900], With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labelled "one of the most notorious figures in history. [670] The collective leadership included the following eight senior members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, listed according to the order of precedence presented formally on 5 March 1953: Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Lazar Kaganovich and Anastas Mikoyan. [512] The Soviet victory there marked a major turning point in the war;[513] in commemoration, Stalin declared himself Marshal of the Soviet Union. [529] Stalin insisted that, after the war, the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill opposed. [695] In his book, Foundations of Leninism, he stated that "Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution". [108] There he led the imprisoned Bolsheviks, organised discussion groups, and ordered the killing of suspected informants. Explanation: No, Stalin was not a fair leader. [167] During this raid, Stalin smuggled Lenin out of the newspaper's office and took charge of the Bolshevik leader's safety, moving him between Petrograd safe houses before smuggling him to Razliv. [659], Stalin's death was announced on 6 March. [159] In a celebratory mood, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd in March. Stalin's chief ideological hatchet man, Andrey Zhdanov, a secretary of the Central Committee, began a reign of terror in the Soviet artistic and intellectual world; foreign achievements were derided, and the primacy of Russians as inventors and pioneers in practically every field was asserted. Stalin's choices of policies (NEP and socialism in one country) During the beginning of the struggle for power after Lenin died Stalin formed an alliance with Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1923, this was purely to keep Trotsky out of power. Submitted by sgel on June 17, 2011. [68] During his exile, the RSDLP had split between Vladimir Lenin's "Bolsheviks" and Julius Martov's "Mensheviks". [773] Several historians have seen it as appropriate to follow Lazar Kaganovich's description of there being "several Stalins" as a means of understanding his multi-faceted personality. Fairness is based on someone's cultural background, religious affiliation, cognitive biases/dissonance and prejudices, promotes healthy workplace culture. [519] In 1941, the London Philharmonic Orchestra performed a concert to celebrate his birthday,[520] and in 1942, Time magazine named him "Man of the Year". In this he recalled the 1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the Napoleonic Wars. [487], Going against the advice of Zhukov and other generals, Stalin emphasised attack over defence. [148] In the hamlet, Stalin had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygina, who was fourteen at the time but within the legal age of consent in Tsarist Russia. [678] According to Montefiore, Stalin's embrace of the Russian nation was pragmatic, as the Russians were the core of the population of the USSR; it was not a rejection of his Georgian origins. [849] In later life, he disapproved of Svetlana's various suitors and husbands, putting a strain on his relationship with her. [719] The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of state socialism, state capitalism, bureaucratic collectivism, or a totally unique mode of production. [192] He took Nadezhda Alliluyeva as his secretary[193] and at some point married her, although the wedding date is unknown. Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the "Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia", reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents and insisted that the Russian state should join this union on equal terms with the other Soviet states. Like with the order 227, everyone in the high command called it a stupid order and for Stalin to remove it. [63] There, he lived in a two-room peasant's house, sleeping in the building's larder. [702] After Lenin's death, Stalin relied heavily on Lenin's writingsfar more so than those of Marx and Engelsto guide him in the affairs of state. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc. [717] According to Khlevniuk, Stalin reconciled Marxism with great-power imperialism and therefore expansion of the empire makes him a worthy to the Russian tsars. [270] To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the "Foundations of Leninism", later published in book form. [120] In February 1912, Stalin again escaped to Saint Petersburg,[121] tasked with converting the Bolshevik weekly newspaper, Zvezda ("Star") into a daily, Pravda ("Truth"). [795] He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. [276] Stalin had much contact with young party functionaries,[277] and the desire for promotion led many provincial figures to seek to impress Stalin and gain his favour. (Library of Congress/Getty Images ) In 1943, when the Second World War had reached its most pitiless intensity, three of the world's most powerful menunlikely allies against the Axis onslaught . [378] In May 1932, he introduced a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce. [893], Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin; some view him as Lenin's authentic successor, while others believe he betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them. [585] While agricultural production stagnated, Stalin focused on a series of major infrastructure projects, including the construction of hydroelectric plants, canals, and railway lines running to the polar north. [458] In August 1939, the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact with Germany, a non-aggression pact negotiated by Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. [55] He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. [354] Nationalist sentiment among ethnic minorities was suppressed. [197] Socialist revolutionaries accused Stalin's talk of federalism and national self-determination as a front for Sovnarkom's centralising and imperialist policies. Not true at all. He was good at coercing people. [514], By November 1942, the Soviets had begun to repulse the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5million Soviet casualties in that effort, it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front. [369] At its 6th Congress in July 1928, Stalin informed delegates that the main threat to socialism came not from the right but from non-Marxist socialists and social democrats, whom he called "social fascists";[370] Stalin recognised that in many countries, the social democrats were the Marxist-Leninists' main rivals for working-class support. [340] The USSR underwent a massive economic transformation. Joseph Stalin was the leader of Soviet Russia. Some weeks after the controversy, the Patriarchate of Moscow forced Zhakov to remove the icon of Stalin from his parish. Born into poverty in 1879 to an alcoholic cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin . [598] In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic of Germany; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in October. [362] The government's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified,[363] with increased funding given to the League of Militant Atheists. Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary. [764] Stalin had a complex mind,[765] great self-control,[766] and an excellent memory. [918] Gorbachev saw the total denunciation of Stalin as necessary for the regeneration of Soviet society. [899] Socialist writers like Volkogonov have acknowledged that Stalin's actions damaged "the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution". [870] Service suggested that the country might have collapsed long before 1991 without Stalin. Machiavelli in our time. [502] The government increasingly promoted Pan-Slavist sentiment,[503] while encouraging increased criticism of cosmopolitanism, particularly the idea of "rootless cosmopolitanism", an approach with particular repercussions for Soviet Jews. [250] At the 11th Party Congress in 1922, Lenin nominated Stalin as the party's new General Secretary. [892], A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced. [941] Nonetheless, some churches have kept religious icons showing Stalin at least since 2008. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. His gang ambushed the armed convoy in Erivan Square with gunfire and home-made bombs. [744] He was a lifelong smoker, who smoked both a pipe and cigarettes. [446] As it wound down, Stalin sought to deflect responsibility from himself,[447] blaming its "excesses" and "violations of law" on Yezhov. On December 1, 1934, less than a year after he was mentioned as a possible replacement for Stalin, Sergei Kirov was assassinated. In 1956, after Stalin's death, came a watershed moment: Communist leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced the Stalin personality cult and dictatorship, in a secret speech to the 20th Party Congress. [282] Stalin saw Trotsky whom he personally despised[283] as the main obstacle to his dominance within the party. [245] In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the southern Caucasus, there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the Abkhazian, Ossetian, and Adjarian minorities in Georgia. The Truth Stalin suffered a major stroke on March 1, 1953, but treatment was delayed from reaching him as a direct result of his actions over the previous decades. [343] The last elements of workers' control over industry were removed, with factory managers increasing their authority and receiving privileges and perks;[344] Stalin defended wage disparity by pointing to Marx's argument that it was necessary during the lower stages of socialism. First, it is necessary to recognize the factors involved in this decision that will affect you. Their economy grew, markedly unaffected by the Great Depression, and people usually like leaders who bring prosperity. [493] Stalin issued Order No. Lenin's Testament, 4 January 1923;[253] this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself. But he was not a good leader. [303] According to Montefiore, at this point "Stalin was the leader of the oligarchs but he was far from a dictator". [428] In July 1937, the Politburo ordered a purge of "anti-Soviet elements" in society, targeting anti-Stalin Bolsheviks, former Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, priests, ex-White Army soldiers, and common criminals. [762], Trotsky and several other Soviet figures promoted the idea that Stalin was a mediocrity. [808] Lenin was his favourite author but he also read, and sometimes appreciated, a great deal of writing by Leon Trotsky and other arch-enemies. [341] Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the demand. [400], Seeking improved international relations, in 1934 the Soviet Union secured membership of the League of Nations, from which it had previously been excluded. [627], The Soviet Union was one of the first nations to extend diplomatic recognition to the newly created state of Israel in 1948, in hopes of obtaining an ally in the Middle East. [734] His writing style was similar, being characterised by its simplicity, clarity, and conciseness. [65] His second attempt, in January 1904, was successful and he made it to Tiflis. He was a true believer". [196] His department allocated funds for establishment of presses and schools in the languages of various ethnic minorities. [924] He remains a revered figure among many Russian nationalists, who feel nostalgic about the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II,[925] and he is regularly invoked approvingly within both Russia's far-left and far-right. Whereas Lenin believed that all countries across Europe and Asia would readily unite as a single state following proletariat revolution, Stalin argued that national pride would prevent this, and that different socialist states would have to be formed; in his view, a country like Germany would not readily submit to being part of a Russian-dominated federal state. [272] Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saved him and he was retained in the position. [26], In August 1894, Stalin enrolled in the Orthodox Spiritual Seminary in Tiflis, enabled by a scholarship that allowed him to study at a reduced rate. [338] In 1928, the first five-year plan was launched, its main focus on boosting heavy industry;[339] it was finished a year ahead of schedule, in 1932. [777] He acknowledged that he could be rude and insulting,[778] but he rarely raised his voice in anger;[779] as his health deteriorated in later life he became increasingly unpredictable and bad-tempered. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag", "Reactions of Chinese Citizens to the Death of Stalin: Internal Communist Party Reports", "Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography", "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 193045", "Controversy in Moscow: Stalin icon revered", "The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion", "Georgia Divided Over Stalin 'Local Hero' Status in Gori", "Russians name Stalin as the most 'outstanding' figure of all times", "Stalin as a Neo-Pagan Deity in Contemporary Russia", "Moscow's Memory Wars: Putin seeks to whitewash Russia's Stalinist past", "Josef Stalin: communist, murderer - saint? [149] In or about December 1914, their child was born but the infant soon died. In 1961, just eight years later, the Soviet government ordered Stalin's remains removed from the tomb. [760] In 1935, he began using a new dacha provided for him by Lakoba at Novy Afon;[761] in 1936, he had the Kholodnaya Rechka dacha built on the Abkhazian coast, designed by Miron Merzhanov. [813] He also enjoyed practical jokes; for instance, he would place a tomato on the seat of Politburo members and wait for them to sit on it. A California professor was widely hounded on Twitter for praising the legacy of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, calling him "one of the great leaders" of the 20th century. [516] By the end of 1943, the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 to 1942. [221] Although Stalin did not share Lenin's belief that Europe's proletariat were on the verge of revolution, he acknowledged that as long as it stood alone, Soviet Russia remained vulnerable. [359] Socialist realism was promoted throughout arts,[360] while Stalin personally wooed prominent writers, namely Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, and Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy. [864], It was long rumored that Stalin married a sister of Lazar Kaganovich. [395] He declared that "socialism, which is the first phase of communism, has basically been achieved in this country". The Russian Empire became a de facto republic, headed by a Provisional Government dominated by liberals. [856] After Stalin's death, Svetlana changed her surname from Stalin to Alliluyeva,[674] and defected to the U.S.[857], After Nadezhda's death, Stalin became increasingly close to his sister-in-law Zhenya Alliluyeva;[858] Montefiore believed that they were lovers. Eight years have passed since the last elections to the Supreme Soviet. [378] Like its predecessor, this plan was repeatedly amended to meet changing situations; there was for instance an increasing emphasis placed on armament production after Adolf Hitler became German chancellor in 1933. [334] Although he and Stalin had been close for many years,[335] Bukharin expressed concerns about these policies; he regarded them as a return to Lenin's old "war communism" policy and believed that it would fail. [274] Favouring new Communist Party members from proletarian backgrounds, to the "Old Bolsheviks" who tended to be middle class university graduates,[275] he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime. [822] After Stalin's death, Khrushchev claimed that Stalin encouraged him to incite anti-Semitism in Ukraine, allegedly telling him that "the good workers at the factory should be given clubs so they can beat the hell out of those Jews. [175] Although he had been tasked with briefing the Bolshevik delegates of the Second Congress of Soviets about the developing situation, Stalin's role in the coup had not been publicly visible. [84] On arrival, he met Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya, who informed him that the venue had been moved to Tampere in the Grand Duchy of Finland. [209] In Tsaritsyn, Stalin commanded the local Cheka branch to execute suspected counter-revolutionaries, sometimes without trial[210] and in contravention of government orders purged the military and food collection agencies of middle-class specialists, some of whom he also executed. [534] Cautiously regarding the responses from the Western Allies, Stalin avoided immediately installing Communist Party governments across Eastern Europe, instead initially ensuring that Marxist-Leninists were placed in coalition ministries. [204] To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. I saw Hitler many, many times, and Goering and Goebbels. [931], The only part of the former Soviet Union where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitudes have been very divided. Since the end of his life there has been speculation that a mental illness contributed to Stalin's brutishness. Empire became a de facto republic, headed by a Provisional government dominated by.... Residing at his Gorki Dacha, Lenin nominated Stalin as the Party new... Stalin has been produced languages of various ethnic minorities was suppressed like with the order 227, everyone in Napoleonic. ] in or about December 1914, their child was born but the infant soon died department allocated funds establishment. 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